Gingivitis refers to the inflammation of the gums (gingiva). The most common causes of gingivitis are plaque and bacteria which accumulate on the teeth.
Gingivitis is a common and non-destructive form of periodontal disease, however without the proper treatment, gingivitis can progress into periodontist (gum disease). This can cause serious destruction of the periodontal ligament and supporting bone, ultimately leading to tooth loss.
Red, puffy and bleeding gums are signs of gingivitis. Luckily, gingivitis is reversible with proper oral hygiene. Brushing twice daily, flossing regularly and using an antiseptic mouthwash are essential.
In cases where the gingivitis is mild, patients may be unaware that they have it. This is usually because there are little to no symptoms present. However, the condition should be addressed immediately.
Types
There are two main categories of gingival disease, these include:
Dental plaque-induced gingival disease: The causes are, plaque, systemic factors, medications, or malnutrition.
Non-plaque induced gingival lesions: Specific bacterium, viruses, and fungus are contributing factors. In addition, genetics, systemic conditions, wounds, and reactions to foreign bodies (dentures) are all causes. With that said, there may be no specific cause.
Causes
The accumulation of bacterial plaque between and around the teeth is the most common cause of gingivitis. Plaque can trigger an immune response, which can result in the destruction of the gingival and loss of teeth.
Dental plaque is a soft, sticky film that builds up on teeth and consists of millions of bacteria. Dental plaque can cause tooth decay, gingivitis, and periodontists.
Without proper removal, plaque can harden into calculus or tartar that forms below or above the gum line. Calculus is yellow in colour and can only be removed by a dental professional.
Eventually, plaque and tartar irritate the gums, causing inflammation around the base of the teeth and bleeding.
Other Causes and Risk Factors
Changes in hormones: This may occur during puberty, menopause, mensuration, and pregnancy. During these changes, the gingiva can become more sensitive and at an increased risk for gingivitis.
Some diseases: Patients with cancer, diabetes, or HIV are at a higher risk for gingivitis.
Drugs: Oral health may be affected by some medications, especially if saliva flow is reduced. For example, Dilantin, which is an anticonvulsant and specific anti-angina medication can cause abnormal growth of gum tissue.
Smoking: Regular smokers more commonly develop gingivitis, compared to non-smokers.
Age: The risk of gingivitis increases with age.
Poor diet: A vitamin C deficiency, for example, is linked to gum disease.
Family history: Those with a family history of gingivitis, are at an increased risk for developing it also.
